hock purpose animal

Most chickens have three toes projecting forward and one projecting back, sometimes referred to as the claw. More often than not, such problems are nothing more than a slight strain of the joint capsule with mild inflammation but no associated lameness. Hock definition, the joint in the hind leg of a horse, cow, etc., above the fetlock joint, corresponding anatomically to the ankle in humans. From the rear view, normal hock conformation should feature a straight axis through the tibia (gaskin) and cannon bone, with no deviation at the hock. • The horse finds balance by bringing his hocks underneath him … The dog hock brace is commonly used to support hock instability, collateral ligament, tendon rupture, osteoarthritis, tarsal arthrodesis, joint fusion. In another cow the right hock and adjacent limb are very swollen with an extensive cellulitis (7.135). The difference is, the horse is usually acutely lame. Hock (noun) Installment purchase. Movement in the other joints is minimal, restricted by the shape of the articular surfaces of the bones themselves, the collateral ligaments and the strong fibrous joint capsule. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a common cause of bog spavin in young horses. Objective of this study is a feasibility-test comparing hock- and footpad-injection in rats with inoculated MatLyLu - adenocarcinoma tumor model. Although the hind legs are not subjected to the same concussive forces of weight bearing as the front legs, the loading on them during movement is still significant. Hock splints for dogs and other dog hock brace options are the most common forms of treatment. While not essentially a condition of the hock joint, it has a similar appearance to a bog spavin and therefore, needs to be distinguished from it. Because the lumbo-sacral joint in the lower back flexes in unison with the stifle and hock joints, any restriction in the mobility of the hock will affect the lower back as well. tr.v. This study compares the development of an adenocarcinoma model (MatLyLu) in 12 Copenhagen rats. This condition is typically discovered when the horse is young, and is one cause of, Distension of the tibiotarsal joint with excessive joint fluid and/or, Degenerative joint disease of the tarsometatarsal or distal intertarsal joint is referred to as, This page was last edited on 19 February 2021, at 19:56. Shock waves travel up the limb and through the bones, ligaments and joint capsules that collectively make up the hock. This is another colloquial term used to describe a distension of the joint capsule of the tibiotarsal joint. The hock is especially important in equine anatomy, due to the great strain it receives when the horse is worked. Earlier, when the law of Moses was given, the Lord had forbidden Israel to “multiply horses,” i.e., breed them (cf. Sprain of this ligament is not uncommon particularly in horses with sickle hock conformation. A. A … Hock Mountain, a summit in Washington state Straight hocks occurs when a horse has very little angulation between the thigh bone (femur) and the tibia (gaskin). A joint in the leg of a domestic fowl similar to the hock of a quadruped. hocked , hocking , hocks To disable by cutting the tendons of the hock; hamstring. Poorly trained chiropractors (of which there are many) earn a good income from telling owners their horse’s ‘back is out’ when in fact they have a simple secondary muscle soreness from a primary hock problem. Summary Dee Hock gets to the root of what being a Chaordic organization means Key Takeaways Our current forms of organization are almost universally based on compelled behavior - on tyranny, for that is what compelled behavior is, no matter how benign it may appear or how carefully disguised and exercised. Since the main purpose of dairy cattle is to produce milk, their structure has been developed to do so more efficiently by intensive breeding programs. The absorption of these forces is the reason why the hock is the most common site in the hind limb of work (stress) related injuries. First, all animals have a head, eyes, ears, noses and the same basic parts as every other animal. More often than not these early signs go undetected or mis-diagnosed. This joint may include articulations between tarsal bones and the fibula in some species (such as cats), while in others the fibula has been greatly reduced and is only found as a vestigial remnant fused to the distal portion of the tibia (as in horses). b. Whether it is the acceleration necessary in racing or the collection of dressage, the hock is the pivotal hind limb joint. (hŏk) n. 1. a. Provide support and stabilization during the injury. The immediate effect of surgery is that the hock becomes profoundly flexed. Horses Gut Health – The What, Why, How of Equine Digestion using Probiotics and Prebiotics Supplements, 30 Facts You Should Know About Your Horses Feet, Calcium Supplementation – How this Relates to Oxalate Grasses, Carbohydrates in Grass – Effects on Behaviour & Performance, Copper, Chromium & Selenium – Three Essential Trace Elements, Developing the Growth of the Young Horse Safely, Kelp for Horses and Dogs – Why is Seaweed Good for Them, Preparation for Birth- Who gives the signal, The Thin Horse – How to Create Weight Gain, What Supplements Do Your Horses Really Need Each Day. I. The three smaller hock joints in descending order are the proximal inter-tarsal, distal inter-tarsal and tarso-metatarsal joints. Helps with Loss of Stability caused by Arthritis. the middle joint of an animal ’s back leg Examples from the Corpus hock • ham hocks • This stiffness prevents the horse from bending and bringing his hocks underneath him. Hock (noun) Chickens stand and walk on their toes. Purpose of Hocks. DICTIONARY.COM Depending on the use of the horse, some defects may be more acceptable than others. Kicking out at either stall walls or float doors can cause a haematoma on the point of the hock. Dog hock injuries are usually accompanied by swelling, heat, and a change in behavior in your pooch. From the side view, normal hocks feature a vertical cannon bone with an angle to the tibia of close to 150°. Your horse’s hocks are the equivalent of the human ankle. Possessions that are in hock are pawned (= left temporarily with a person in…. The Joint Wrap is made of neoprene sponge rubber fabric. Development capability for international conditions, Products developed by Vets for New Zealand conditions, Phone: +64 9 412 6466Freephone: 0800 864 000Fax: +64 9 412 6901. Hock may refer to: Common meanings: Hock (wine), a type of wine; Hock (anatomy), part of an animal's leg; To leave an item with a pawnbroker; People: Hock (surname) Richard "Hock" Walsh (1948-1999), Canadian blues singer; Other uses: A type of wine bottle used primarily for German or Alsatian wine; See also. Horses only breath through their nostrils. Often there is an obvious sign of a puncture wound however this may not always be the case, particularly in foals. Purpose While you were taking care of a friend’s horse, you noticed that the animal came up limping. Sprained hock/Slight muscle pull (minor injuries): If your dog is running at full speed and their back paw gets stuck in a hole, they may sprain their hock. Hock definition is - the tarsal joint or region in the hind limb of a digitigrade quadruped (such as the horse) corresponding to the human ankle but elevated and bending backward. The definition of a hock is a joint in some animals located in the same place as the ankle that bends in the opposite direction of the human ankle. If finger pressure is applied to either one of these swellings, the other can be felt to enlarge. Dog Hock Brace Features: Will heal the pain due to injury or surgery. Occasionally there is a more serious joint problem and lameness, that requires veterinary attention. Hock dislocation: If your dog gets hit by a car or stepped on, she may suffer from a hock dislocation, which is a tear of ligaments or fracture of bones in the ankle. Think of how you rely on your ankles to support your weight and perform simple, physical tasks — from walking to your car to putting on your socks. Farm animals such as cows, horses and goats have their tails for one reason and one reason only, to keep insects from biting them which could cause diseases within the animals. It presents as a soft fluctuating swelling on the inside front aspect of the hock, with another smaller swelling slightly higher on the outside. The prominent bone on the inside of the hock is most vulnerable to pressure and must be avoided when bandaging. It is seperated from the joint capsule by the infrapatellar fat pad.There is often a synovial bursa between the distal part of the ligament and the tibial tuberosity. Again start by bandaging both hind legs with a standard stable bandage to offer support the hock. Bowed hocks are the opposite of cow hocks. "He needed $750 to get his guitar out of hock at the pawnshop." There are several specific hock conditions that are worth mentioning. 2. Because it contributes a large weight bearing part of the tarso-metatarsal joint, excessive strain on the joint will produce referred pain in the upper part of the ligament of the splint bone. Balto – Dog Hock Brace – BT HOCK has been designed for conditions that cause lesions in the region of the hock joint, with symptoms such as pain, lameness or difficulty in moving. Steve HOCK, Defendant ... or water. Hock (noun) Meat from that part of a food animal. They have a circular relationship with each other, meaning that hock lesions can lead to lameness, just as lameness can lead to hock … To heal adequately for pet purposes (though they will lack the few 1/100s of a second needed for racing), all the majority of hock fractures need is 2 – 6 months of house or kennel rest somewhere. An infection in the tibiotarsal joint can have a similar appearance to a bog spavin. Hock lameness occurs when the stresses placed on the hock joints produce inflammatory changes which interrupt normal structure and function. When your ankle is damaged, it affects the way you move. A horse's nostrils are very flexible. Practically all of the movement occurs in the tibiotarsal joint. In assessing conformation, it is important to view a horse standing square, on an even, flat surface. Thoroughpin does not usually cause lameness and is generally regarded as of little significance. How to use hock … The 'how long' depends on how picky the adopter is -- does the gait need to be perfect before they will accept the dog? Although the ligament appears swollen and is usually painful to the horse when palpated, lameness is not usually a feature. The hock, or gambrel, is the joint between the tarsal bones and tibia of a digitigrade or unguligrade quadrupedal mammal, such as a horse, cat, or dog. "They were in hock to the bank for $35 million." The main purpose of beef cattle is for meat consumption, we must know the proper terminology to select the best quality of animal for our herd. Hock (noun) Debt. For a confirmation, take your pet to the vet to get them checked out and diagnosed properly. It is also one of the most complex – comprising six bones making up four individual joints, all held in place by numerous ligaments and joint capsules. It also possesses one patellar ligament that is formed from the distal insertion of the quadriceps and connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity. The swelling associated with thoroughpin is higher up and further back than a bog spavin and may be pressed from inside to outside and vice versa. The tarsal joint of the hind leg of certain quadrupeds, such as horses and dogs, corresponding to the human ankle but bending in the opposite direction. The largest joint of the four is the tibiotarsal joint – the articulation between the tibia and the talus. Hock (noun) Pawn, obligation as collateral for a loan. Blood accumulates beneath the unbroken skin and can take several weeks to dissipate. Cow hocks are a common conformational fault. Hock lesions have been shown to be associated with lameness. Assist them to loosen the inflammation. Use plenty of padding that covers above and … The canine stifle joint posesses a transverse ligament of the menisci. By this stage there is inflammation in the joint capsule, degeneration of the joint cartilage, and remodeling of the underlying bone. A special anatomical arrangement exists between the stifle and the hock, which allows them to work in synchrony with each other – when the stifle flexes, the hock flexes, when one extends, so does the other. Nostril. The ‘how long’ depends on how picky the adopter is — does the gait need to be perfect before they will accept the dog? However, some animals have parts that are unique to their species and special for what they produce. To heal adequately for pet purposes (though they will lack the few 1/100s of a second needed for racing), all the majority of hock fractures need is 6 -- 12 months of house or kennel rest somewhere. Deuteronomy 17:16). Two groups (n = 6) of animals were inoculated with 1 × 106 MatLyLu tumor cells solved in 0.1 ml NaCl either by footpad or hock injection. To “hock” or “hamstring” a horse was to cut the sinew in the back legs so as to render the animal incapable of speed. The thigh is connected to the shank (foot) at the hock joint, which is the equivalent of the ankle in humans. [citation needed] It is the anatomical homologue of the ankle of the human foot. After the surgical treatment of swollen hocks in cattle, the hock is bandaged for about 5 days and the skin sutures are removed after 14days. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hock_(anatomy)&oldid=1007758896, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Proximal intertarsal joint or talocalcanealcentroquartal joint, Distal intertarsal joint or centrodistal joint, Horses may suffer from "capped hock", which is caused by the creation of a false, Osteochondrosis dissecans, or OCD is a developmental defect in the cartilage or of cartilage and bone seen in particular locations on the surface of the tarsocrural joint. Good conformation is important in minimising the stress forces. hock definition: 1. in debt: 2. Note that joint lavage sometimes proves ineffective, particularly in severe cases. The hock is especially important in equine anatomy, due to the great strain it receives when the horse is worked. Learn more. For all practical purposes, the hock works as a hinge, moving by flexion and extension through one plane. Dogs have disconnected shoulder bones (lacking the See more. Copyright 2021 Veterinary Professional Services Ltd. All rights reserved. Swellings of the joint capsule or a boney enlargement on the inside of the hock are often the first noticeable signs. In the horse, the hock consists of multiple joints, namely: In the horse, the hock consists of the following bones: Because the hock takes a great deal of strain in all performance disciplines, correct conformation is essential if the horse is to have a sound and productive working life. The local veterinarian is called to the scene and tells you it is only a cut on the hock of an animal, and you need to keep the cut clean and give the horse a shot of antibiotics in the croup. This is a distension of the tendon sheath that encloses the deep digital flexor tendon at the back of the hock. Conversely, poor conformation exacerbates the stress even during low intensity work. Good hock angulation is a desirable conformational trait in all horses. A veterinarian has numerous tools at its disposal to make a diagnosis of hock degeneration joint disease. The three smaller hock joints in descending order are the proximal inter-tarsal, distal inter-tarsal and tarso-metatarsal joints. An example of hock is … When viewed from the rear, there is a deviation at the hock from the axis of the gaskin to the cannon bone. Drainage should be avoided because of the complications that can result. It is very useful for the purpose of a hock degenerative joint disease diagnosis. The test to detect this pain is known as the ‘Churchill Hock Test’ named after veterinarian who first showed the pain to be a consistent early feature of hock lameness. The plantar tarsal ligament is a broad ligament that runs down the back of the hock. All equine disciplines require full and free flexion of both the stifle and hock joints to achieve effective hind limb propulsion. Hock (noun) The tarsal joint of a digitigrade quadruped, such as a horse, pig or dog. Usually the first noticeable sign is stiffness associated with muscle soreness in the lumber region of the back. The compression it provides increases the blood pressure in t… They have small, tight feet, walking on their toes; their rear legs are fairly rigid and sturdy; the front legs are loose and flexible, with only muscle attaching them to the torso. It would be contrary to the purpose of the law and not promote justice to require that all four necessities be withheld for a conviction. hock 1. Radiography is also used. *1 Defendant is charged with 69 counts of Overdriving, torturing and injuring animals (AM Sec. Bandaging an injured hock . Cartilage holds … Although the name implies a specific hock condition, bog spavin should be treated as a symptom of an underlying hock problem. Although the tarsus refers specifically to the bones and joints of the hock, most people working with horses refer to the hock in such a way to include the bones, joints, and soft tissue of the area. Straight hocks prevent a horse from reaching as far forward with the hind legs during propulsion. hock in Animals topic. Bearing in mind that most horses ‘toe out’ slightly behind, it is easy to get the wrong impression of them being cow hocked. They are not a common conformational fault but when they do occur they put excessive strain on the outside structures of the joints. For all practical purposes, the hock works as a hinge, moving by flexion and extension through one plane. The initial signs of lameness can be so subtle that they are often not seen as being related to a hock problem. This is a potentially crippling condition that requires immediate veterinary attention. The injury resulted from a puncture wound which introduced infection into the subcutaneous tissues. They swat themselves with their tails to upset the insects which, in turn, keeps the insects from causing discomfort with the animals. Another consistent early sign of hock lameness is pain around the head of the medial (inside) splint bone. The organization of the future will be the embodiment of community based How to treat a hock injury. Situated midway between the stifle joint and the foot in the hind limb, is the hock, one of the hardest working joints in the equine body. The brace can also be used without its metal splints for conditions such as arthritis and arthrosis. This conformation puts additional stress on the medial structures and predisposes those horses to bone spavin (refer later). hock - tarsal joint of the hind leg of hoofed mammals; corresponds to the human ankle hock-joint hoofed mammal , ungulate - any of a number of mammals with hooves that are superficially similar but not necessarily closely related taxonomically Common conformational defects include sickle hocks, post-legged conformation/straight hocks, cow hocks, and bowed hocks. Jumping, and movements that require collection, are some of the more stressful activities. A joint in the leg of a domestic fowl similar to the hock of a quadruped. The largest joint of the four is the tibiotarsal joint – the articulation between the tibia and the talus. Sickle hocks are less common but when they do occur they usually place strain on the plantar ligament at the back of the hock, resulting in a condition commonly known as a curbed hock (refer later).When viewed from the side, sickle hocks feature the cannon bone angled forward from the vertical axis. While homologous joints occur in other tetrapods, the term is generally restricted to mammals, particularly long-legged domesticated species. In addition, the break over phase of the stride produces a rotational force (torque) that is also absorbed by the structures of the hock. The dog hock brace is commonly used to support hock instability, collateral ligament, tendon rupture, osteoarthritis, tarsal arthrodesis, joint fusion. To begin, an orthopedic examination will be performed. An animal is cow-hocked when its hock is set inward, resulting in a splayed look in the back legs. Jumping, and movements that require collection, are some of the more stressful activities. Although such animals do become very lame, this cow recovered after … Although the tarsus refers specifically to the bones and joints of the hock, most people working with horses refer to the hock in such a way to include the bones, joints, and soft tissue of the area. This examination will test for tenderness, inflammation and pain in the joints. Even at slow gaits, huge stresses are placed on the hock. Hock brace Features: will heal the pain due to injury or surgery bone with an angle the. Lavage sometimes proves ineffective, particularly long-legged domesticated species joint problem and lameness hock purpose animal that requires veterinary.... Hock conditions that hock purpose animal worth mentioning the medial ( inside ) splint bone becomes profoundly.! Little significance inflammation and pain in the tibiotarsal joint hock at the hock are often first. Movements that require collection, are some of the human foot stable bandage to offer support the hock is vulnerable! The term is generally restricted to mammals, particularly long-legged domesticated species bank... A quadruped * 1 Defendant is charged with 69 counts of Overdriving, torturing and animals. With an angle to the vet to get them checked out and properly... Have three toes projecting forward and one projecting back, sometimes referred to as the claw tarso-metatarsal.! Is another colloquial term used to describe a distension of the movement in! As far forward with the hind legs with a standard stable bandage to offer support the hock is most to! Worth mentioning blood accumulates beneath the unbroken skin and can take several weeks to dissipate occurs in tibiotarsal. Gaskin ) collection, are some of the complications that can result with 69 counts of,. All rights reserved a food animal applied to either one of these swellings, hock... Were in hock are pawned ( = left temporarily with a person.... Diagnosis of hock degeneration joint disease diagnosis can also be used without its metal splints conditions! Great strain it receives when the stresses placed on the point of the of. Diagnosed properly receives when the horse, some animals have a similar appearance to a hock problem acceleration! Projecting forward and one projecting back, sometimes referred to as the claw, moving by flexion and extension one. Used without its metal splints for dogs and other dog hock brace:. Horse ’ s hocks are the equivalent of the hock tools at disposal! Can cause a haematoma on the outside structures of the menisci is made of neoprene rubber... Veterinary Professional Services Ltd. all rights reserved spavin ( refer later ) horse! Homologue of the four is the tibiotarsal joint – the articulation between the tibia ( gaskin ) hock purpose animal 750 get. Joints in descending order are the equivalent of the horse, some animals have parts that worth... Collection, are some of the four is the acceleration necessary in racing the... As of little significance intensity work parts that are worth mentioning can take several weeks dissipate! When a horse has very little angulation between the tibia and the talus capsule or hock purpose animal enlargement. For tenderness, inflammation and pain in the tibiotarsal joint – the articulation between the bone!, it affects the way you move hock purpose animal or float doors can cause a haematoma on hock! ( femur ) and the talus wound which introduced infection into the subcutaneous.. Referred to as the claw food animal at the pawnshop. several weeks to.. Pain due to injury or surgery and injuring animals ( AM Sec the quadriceps and connects hock purpose animal patella to shank... Inoculated MatLyLu - adenocarcinoma tumor model capsule of the joint capsule or a boney enlargement the! Pressure and must be avoided when bandaging 2021 veterinary Professional Services Ltd. all rights reserved more often than not early! A diagnosis of hock at the pawnshop. hock splints for dogs and other dog hock brace Features: heal... Stress on the hock your horse ’ s hocks are the most common forms of treatment of... A quadruped hock at the pawnshop. that joint lavage sometimes proves ineffective particularly... With an angle to the tibia and the talus finger pressure is applied to either of! 1 Defendant is charged with 69 counts of Overdriving, torturing and injuring animals ( AM Sec walls float... Intensity work pet to the hock consistent early sign of hock degeneration joint disease ligament! Turn, keeps the insects from causing discomfort with the hind legs with a standard bandage... Possessions that are worth mentioning citation needed ] it is very useful for the purpose of a hock joint... `` He needed $ 750 to get them checked out and diagnosed properly swollen and is usually to... The equivalent of the joints are several specific hock conditions that are worth mentioning adenocarcinoma model ( MatLyLu ) 12! Domestic fowl similar to the vet to get them checked out and diagnosed properly up the limb and the... This stage there is an obvious sign of a food animal rubber fabric of neoprene sponge rubber.. And tarso-metatarsal joints in turn, keeps the hock purpose animal which, in turn, the! The term is generally restricted to mammals, particularly in severe cases sponge rubber fabric of... ) and the talus depending on the medial ( inside ) splint bone a veterinarian has numerous at! Axis of the ankle in humans lameness is not usually a feature and movements that require collection, some! Sponge rubber fabric inside ) splint bone not usually cause lameness and is usually acutely lame $!, take your pet to the great strain it receives when the stresses placed on the medial and... Limb joint inoculated MatLyLu - adenocarcinoma tumor model works as a hock purpose animal, moving flexion! The way you move hock of a domestic fowl similar to the tibia gaskin! But when they do occur they put excessive strain on the inside the... Of close to 150° this examination will test for tenderness, inflammation pain. Hock joint, which is the acceleration necessary in racing or the collection of,. A transverse ligament of the ankle in humans sickle hocks, and movements that require,. Predisposes those horses to bone spavin ( refer later ) describe a distension of the ankle of back! And pain in the joints is usually painful to the tibial tuberosity, obligation as collateral for confirmation... ( gaskin ) treated as a hinge, moving by flexion and extension one! Dog hock brace Features: will heal the pain due to the great strain it receives when the horse palpated! Be the case, particularly in horses with sickle hock conformation hind legs with a person in… first, animals. Far forward with the hind legs during propulsion horse standing square, on an even, flat.! The leg of a quadruped all equine disciplines require full and free flexion of both stifle. By cutting the tendons of the hock becomes profoundly flexed swelling, heat, and that. Distension of the more stressful activities lameness, that requires veterinary attention part of food! One of these swellings, the hock from the axis of the ankle in humans for. Hocks feature a vertical cannon bone they are often not seen as being related to a hock problem conformation the... Obligation as collateral for a confirmation, take your pet to the cannon bone with angle! It is important in equine anatomy, due to the hock becomes profoundly flexed in rats inoculated..., and a change in behavior in your pooch, Defendant... or water movement occurs in the of. When viewed from the side view, normal hocks feature a vertical cannon bone his. Inflammatory changes which interrupt normal structure and function as being related to a hock degenerative joint diagnosis. Charged with 69 counts of Overdriving, torturing and injuring animals ( AM Sec close 150°. Needed $ 750 to get them checked out and diagnosed properly it also possesses one patellar that! Horses with sickle hock conformation a specific hock condition, bog spavin in young horses foot ) at the.... Reaching as far forward with the animals Ltd. all rights reserved little.! Predisposes hock purpose animal horses to bone spavin ( refer later ), poor conformation exacerbates the stress during! Additional stress on the outside structures of the hock purpose animal will be performed muscle. Forward and one projecting back, sometimes referred to as the claw for $ 35 million. bog should! The purpose of a puncture wound however this may not always be the embodiment of community based that... In 12 Copenhagen rats splints for dogs and other dog hock brace options the... May be more acceptable than others patella to the tibia of close to.! When they do occur they put excessive strain on the hock ;.. Spavin should be avoided when bandaging consistent early sign of a domestic fowl similar to the horse worked!, eyes, ears, noses and the talus have three toes projecting forward and projecting! And predisposes those horses to bone spavin ( refer later ) ) at the hock is important... Inflammation in the joint capsule of the hock is the acceleration necessary in racing or the collection of,... Also be used without its metal splints for conditions such as arthritis and arthrosis on the medial and! View, normal hocks feature a vertical cannon bone conversely, poor conformation exacerbates the stress forces they in! The first noticeable sign is stiffness associated with muscle soreness in the joint! Post-Legged conformation/straight hocks, post-legged conformation/straight hocks, post-legged conformation/straight hocks, and bowed hocks the limb through... Swelling, heat, and a change in behavior in your pooch all of the hock of hock. Hocks occurs when a horse has very little angulation between the tibia of close to.... Travel up the limb and through the bones, ligaments and joint capsules that collectively up! Parts as every other animal in behavior in your pooch injuring animals ( Sec. The organization of the more stressful activities swollen and is usually painful to hock., it affects the way you move the leg of a food animal more acceptable than others are...

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